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“Holocaust documenters argue that the medicalization of social problems and systematic euthanasia of people in German mental institutions in the 1930s provided the institutional, procedural, and doctrinal origins of the mass murder of the 1940s. The Nuremberg Trials convicted a number of psychiatrists who held key positions in Nazi regimes .”
– Reference: Lapon, Lenny (1986). Mass Murderers in White Coats : Psychiatric Genocide in Nazi Germany and the United States .
The tie between Hitler and the eugenic psychiatrists was so close that much of Mein Kampf is literally indistinguishable in language and in tone from the major international journals and psychiatric textbooks of the time . To quote from a few of many such passages in Mein Kampf :
“To demand that defective people be prevented from propagating equally defective offspring is a demand for the clearest reason and, if systematically executed, represents the most humane act of mankind …”
“Those who are physically and mentally unhealthy and unworthy must not perpetuate their ;suffering in the bodies of their children …”
“A prevention of the faculty and opportunity to procreate on the part of the physically degenerate and the mentally sick … would not only free humanity from an immeasurable misfortune but would lead to a recovery which today seems scarcely conceivable.”
Hitler received support from psychiatrists and social scientists around the world after he took power . Many articles in the world's leading medical journals monitored and heaped praise on Hitler's eugenic legislation and policies .
Records uncovered by Abrams at the hospital confirm that the extermination had begun as a part of a national psychiatric program before Hitler took on the systematic murder of the Jews . Hundreds of patients had been shipped off to psychiatric extermination centers prior to the end of 1941, when the national program was largely abandoned and local state mental hospitals took over “the action” on their own.
The psychiatric extermination program was not a hidden, secret shame of psychiatry – at least, not at the start. It was organized by leading professors of psychiatry and directors of mental hospitals through a series of national meetings and workshops. So-called euthanasia forms were circulated to individual hospitals, and final approval of each death was then given in Berlin by a committee of the nation's outstanding psychiatrists . By January 1940 patients were being shipped to six special extermination centers staffed by psychiatrists.
在1941年年底，公众的愤怒和缺乏从希特勒的热情推地下的方案，但德国的精神病患者，10万和20万之间已被杀害 。 From then on, individual institutions, such as that at Kaufbeuren, continued to act on their own, even admitting new patients for the purpose of murdering them. At the end of the war, many large institutions were entirely empty, and estimates from various war-crime tribunals, including Nuremberg, estimate the number of dead to be between 250,000 and 300,000, mostly inmates of psychiatric hospitals and homes for the retarded…
Psychiatrist Frederic Wertham, by no means a radical critic of his profession, deserves the credit for being the first to describe the role of psychiatry in Nazi Germany : …
“ The tragedy is that the PSYCHIATRISTS did not have to have an order. They acted on their own . They were not carrying out a death sentence pronounced by somebody else. They were the legislators who laid down the rules for deciding who was to die ; they were the administrators who worked out the procedures, provided the patients and the places, and decided the methods of killing ; they pronounced a sentence of life or death in each individual case ; they were the executioners who carried the sentences out or — without being coerced to do so — surrendered their patients to be killed in other institutions ; they supervised and often watched the slow deaths …”
By November 1, 1941, the first extermination camps were being built: first Belzec, then Sobibor, Treblinka, Chełmno and Majdanek, and finally Auschwitz-Birkenau.
At first, vague plans were made in Nazi Germany to deport all European Jews to Madagascar. Adolf Eichmann , in particular, supported this option before the Wannsee Conference of 1942 , where he was made privy to the exact details of the “Final Solution”.
SS chief Heinrich Himmler stated:
“However cruel and tragic each individual case may be, this method is still the mildest and best, if one rejects the Bolshevik method of physical extermination of a people out of inner conviction as un-German and impossible.”
The original plan was to use the Royal Navy after Britain's defeat to exile all of Europe's Jews to Madagascar. However, since the British were not defeated as anticipated by the Nazis, the Madagascar Plan had to be abandoned.
The extermination process in Belzec, Sobibor and Treblinka was similar to the method used in the six extermination camps in Germany and Austria, but hugely scaled up for killing whole transports of people at a time.
Victims would hand over their valuables, which became property of the German Reichsbank. They then undressed, and their clothes were searched for jewelry and other valuables. Victims were then marched into the gas chamber and packed tightly to minimize the available fresh air. An engine created carbon monoxide gas which was then discharged through gas pipes, killing the occupants. Their corpses were cremated after any gold dental fillings were removed. The mass murder was carefully tracked and documented.
For example, the intercepted Höfle Telegram sent by SS-Sturmbannführer Hermann Höfle on January 11, 1943 to SS-Obersturmbannführer Adolf Eichmann in Berlin listed 1,274,166 total arrivals to the four camps of Aktion Reinhard through the end of 1942 , as well as the total arrivals by camp for the last two weeks of 1942.
The structure of all camps was nearly identical. From the reception area with ramp and undressing barracks, the Jews entered a narrow, camouflaged path (called sluice or tube) to the extermination area with gas chambers, pits and cremation grids. The SS and Trawnikis stayed in a separate area. Barbed wire fences, partially camouflaged with pine branches, surrounded the camp and separated the different parts. Unlike Auschwitz, no electric fences were used. Wooden watchtowers guarded the camp.
Approximately 2 million Jews lost their lives in Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka and Majdanek in the course of Operation Reinhard. Approximately 178,045,960 German Reichsmark worth of Jewish property (today's value: around 700,000,000 $US or 550,000,000 Euros) was stolen. This money went not only to German authorities, but also to single individuals (SS and police men, camp guards, non-Jewish inhabitants of towns and villages with ghettos or adjacent camps).”
- 参考：Wikipedia.org
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