Fotnoter:
[i] …”space opera” civilization”…
"Det var ikke før 1920 at space opera riktig dukket opp i massen magasiner Weird Tales og Amazing Stories. I motsetning til tidligere historier om romeventyr, som enten relatert invasjonen av Jorden av utenomjordiske, eller konsentrert seg om oppfinnelsen av en plass kjøretøy ved en genial oppfinner, ren space opera bare tok romfart for gitt (vanligvis ved å sette historien i en fjern fremtid ), hoppet de innledende, og lanserte rett inn historier om derring-do blant stjernene.
De første historiene om denne typen var J. Schlossel er andre Swarm (Vår 1928) i Amazing Stories Kvartalsvise og Edmond Hamiltons Crashing Suns (august-september 1928) og The Star Stealers (februar 1929) i Weird Tales. Lignende historier fra andre forfattere fulgt gjennom 1929 og 1930, med 1931 space opera ble godt etablert som en dominerende sub-genre av science fiction.
Overgangen fra eldre space-seilas historien til space opera kan bli sett i verk av EE "Doc" Smith. Hans første publiserte verk, The Skylark of Space (august-oktober 1928, Amazing Stories), flettes den tradisjonelle fortellingen om en vitenskapsmann finner opp en space-stasjon med planetarisk romantikk i stil med Edgar Rice Burroughs, men tidspunktet for oppfølgeren, Skylark Tre (august-oktober 1930, Amazing Stories) som introduserer plass faring rase av Fenachrone, hadde Smith flyttet nærmere en space opera-modus.
Space opera i sin mest kjente form var et produkt av 1930-40s masse blader. Som tidlig science fiction generelt, lånte space opera mye av stilen sin fra etablerte eventyr, kriminalitet, og thriller sjangere. Kjente påvirkninger inkludert historier som beskrevet opplevelser på eksotiske eller usivilisert grenser, f.eks det amerikanske Vesten, Afrika eller Østen. Den forestilte fremtid space opera inngår enorme plass liners, uredde oppdagere av ukjente verdener, Pirates of the plass måter, og tøff, men uforgjengelig plass politi.
EE "Doc" Smith senere Lensman Series og verkene til Edmond Hamilton, John W. Campbell, og Jack Williamson i 1930 og 1940 var populært med leserne og mye etterlignet av andre forfattere. Ved begynnelsen av 1940-tallet, ledet repetitiousness og ekstravaganse av noen av disse historiene til innvendingene fra enkelte fans. "
- Referanse: Wikipedia.org
[Iii] "... 1493 AD -" Kravet "...
"Kravet ble publisert som en pavelig" bull ", utstedt av den beryktede pave Alexander VI, (Rodrigo Borgia), katolsk pave fra 1492 til sin død, er den mest minneverdige av pavene i renessansen.
På grunn av den pre-eksistensen av millioner av mennesker som bor i Amerika i 1493, kongen av Spania, hadde et lite stikk av frykt ved tanken om at Gud kan bli sint på ham for alle mord, tyveri og kaos han sluttet i New World. Så overtalte han pave Alexander VI å sanksjonere en offisiell proklamasjon ment å oppløse flekk av blodige skyld fra kongens egen udødelig sjel. Dette dokumentet, kalt "Kravet", skulle leses, enten oversatt til morsmålet for innbyggerne eller ikke, for innbyggerne i hver utenlandsk nasjon like før erobringen sin. Den hovedpunkt forkynnelsen var å informere snart skal beseires at deres landområder ble "donert" til Spania.
Kravet lese, delvis:
"Jeg, (navn Conquistador), tjener av de høye og mektige Kings of Castilla y León, erobrerne av barbaren folk, og være deres budbringer og kaptein, herved varsle og informere dere ... at Gud vår Herre, One og evige, skapte Heaven and Earth og en mann og en kvinne fra hvem du og jeg og alle de utallige avlet fra disse de siste fem årene tusen og noen år siden verden ble gjort ... Og så ber jeg om og krever at du ... å anerkjenne Kirken som Elskerinne din og som guvernante of the World og Universe, og ypperstepresten, kalt paven, i hennes navn, og Hans Majestet (Kongen av Spania) i hennes sted, så hersker og Herre Konge ... Og hvis du ikke gjør dette ... med Guds hjelp skal jeg komme mektig mot deg, og jeg skal føre krig mot deg overalt og på alle måter at jeg kan, og jeg skal utsette deg til åk og lydighet av Kirken, og Hans Majestet, og jeg skal gripe deres kvinner og barn, og jeg skal gjøre dem slaver, å selge og kvitte som Hans Majestets kommandoer, og jeg skal gjøre alt det onde og skader deg at jeg kan. Og jeg insisterer på at dødsfall og ødeleggelser som resultat fra dette vil være din feil. "
En av de første til å høre Kravet var høvdinger i Maya, hvis omfanget av tid for etablering av livet på Jorden begynte ikke bare 5000 år tidligere, som foreslått av paven, snarere Maya målte opprinnelige skapelsen i millioner av år ved de astronomiske kalendere de beholdt, som sporet av solår nøyaktig innenfor noen få sekunder i året. Deres kommentar etter å ha hørt Kravet var: «Den hellige Far har faktisk vært raus med andres eiendom".
Kravet var opprinnelig ment som et svar på klagene av spanske geistlige at krigene mot indianar folkene var urettferdig. Sammenligne dem til Spanias kriger mot maurerne, hevdet de geistlige som muslimer hadde kjennskap til Kristus og forkastet Ham, slik at føre et korstog mot dem var legitimt. I kontrast, ble kriger mot indianerne, som aldri hadde kommet i kontakt med kristendommen uakseptabelt. Kravet var ment som en juridisk smutthull for å plassere den innfødte befolkningen i posisjon for å ha forkastet kristendommen. Det uttalte: "Vi protesterer på at alle dødsfall som følge av dette [avvisning av kristendommen] er din feil ..."
Mange kritikere av conquistadorene politikk ble forferdet av fleipete natur kravet, og presten, Bartolomeo de Las Casas, sa som svar på det at han ikke visste om jeg skulle le eller gråte. Mens conquistadorene ble oppfordret til å bruke tolk for å lese kravet, var dette ikke absolutt nødvendig, og i mange tilfeller, ble det lest opp for en uforstående befolkningen. I noen tilfeller ble det lest til golde strender og tomme landsbyer, lenge etter de innfødte hadde flyktet, til fangene etter at de ble fanget, eller fra dekket på skipene når de nettopp hadde oppdaget kysten. Likevel, for de conquistadorene, forutsatt at det en religiøs begrunnelse for å angripe og slaveri den innfødte befolkningen, og på grunn av dens potensial til å berike coffers av Spania, var kravet generelt ikke avhørt. "
- Referanse: Wikipedia.org
Nettoresultatet av "oppdagelsen" av "New World", som egentlig ikke var "ny" som det hadde eksistert så lenge noen annen verdensdel, og hadde en større populasjon enn Europa, var som følger:
1) hundrevis av innfødte kulturer ble utryddet 2) rundt 100 millioner mennesker ble drept av sykdom og krig brakt dem av "aliens" 3) 100 millioner mennesker fra Gold Coast of Africa ble gjort til slaver, og / eller drept av europeere i et forsøk å erstatte den "arbeidsstyrken" av slaktet innfødte befolkningen av den vestlige halvkule 4) nesten alle av uvurderlig litteratur, historie, kulturelle og kunstneriske artefakter av den vestlige halvkule ble ødelagt 5) mesteparten av gull og edelstener utvinnes over en periode på tusen år av urfolk ble stjålet og sendt av en håndfull grådige, idiotisk, uutdannede, skitne, sykdom-ridd, overtroisk, morderiske, tyver i Europa som sløst bort det på tankeløse selv-avlat. - Redaktøren
[Iv] “… They are interested primarily in the “low gravity” satellites in this space station which consists mainly of the dark side of the moon…”.
“According to the NASA Astronaut Neil Armstrong the aliens have a base on the Moon and (the aliens) told us in no uncertain terms to get off and stay off the Moon!
Sound far fetched? Milton Cooper, a Naval Intelligence Officer tells us that not only does the Alien Moon Base exist but the US Naval Intelligence Community refers to the Alien Moon Base as “Luna,” that there is a huge mining operation going on there, and that is where the aliens keep their huge mother ships while the trips to Earth are made in smaller “flying saucers”.
LUNA: The Alien base on the far side of the Moon. It was seen and filmed by the Apollo astronauts. A base, a mining operation using very large machines, and the very large alien craft described in sighting reports as mother ships exist there. -Milton Cooper
Did Apollo 11 Encounter UFOs on the Moon? from the Book “Above Top Secret” by Timothy Good.
According to hitherto unconfirmed reports, both Neil Armstrong and Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin saw UFOs shortly after their historic landing on the Moon in Apollo 11 on 21 July 1969. I remember hearing one of the astronauts refer to a “light” in or on a carter during the television transmission, followed by a request from mission control for further information. Nothing more was heard.
According to a former NASA employee Otto Binder, unnamed radio hams with their own VHF receiving facilities that bypassed NASA's broadcasting outlets picked up the following exchange:
NASA: What's there? Mission Control calling Apollo 11…
Apollo: These “Babies” are huge, Sir! Enormous! OH MY GOD! You wouldn't believe it! I'm telling you there are other spacecraft out there, lined up on the far side of the crater edge! They're on the Moon watching us!
In 1979, Maurice Chatelain, former chief of NASA Communications Systems confirmed that Armstrong had indeed reported seeing two UFOs on the rim of a crater. “The encounter was common knowledge in NASA,” he revealed, “but nobody has talked about it until now.”
Soviet scientists were allegedly the first to confirm the incident. “According to our information, the encounter was reported immediately after the landing of the module,” said Dr. Vladimir Azhazha, a physicist and Professor of Mathematics at Moscow University. “Neil Armstrong relayed the message to Mission Control that two large, mysterious objects were watching them after having landed near the moon module. But his message was never heard by the public-because NASA censored it. "
According to another Soviet scientist, Dr. Aleksandr Kazantsev, Buzz Aldrin took color movie film of the UFOs from inside the module, and continued filming them after he and Armstrong went outside. Dr. Azhazha claims that the UFOs departed minutes after the astronauts came out on to the lunar surface.
Maurice Chatelain also confirmed that Apollo 11′s radio transmissions were interrupted on several occasions in order to hide the news from the public. Before dismissing Chatelain's sensational claims, it is worth noting his impressive background in the aerospace industry and space program. His first job after moving from France was as an electronics engineer with Convair, specializing in telecommunications, telemetry, and radar. In 1959 he was in charge of an electromagnetic research group, developing new radar and telecommunications systems for Ryan. One of his eleven patents was an automatic flights to the Moon. Later, at North American Aviation, Chatelain was offered the job of designing and building the Apollo communications and data-processing systems.
Chatelain claims that “all Apollo and Gemini flights were followed, both at a distance and sometimes also quite closely, by space vehicles of extraterrestrial origin-flying saucers, or UFOs, if you want to call them by that name. Every time it occurred, the astronauts informed Mission Control, who then ordered absolute silence.” He goes on to say:
“I think that Walter Schirra aboard Mercury 8 was the first of the astronauts to use the code name 'Santa Claus' to indicate the presence of flying saucers next to space capsules. However, his announcements were barely noticed by the general public.
It was a little different when James Lovell on board the Apollo 8 command module came out from behind the moon and said for everybody to hear:
'PLEASE BE INFORMED THAT THERE IS A SANTA CLAUS.'
Even though this happened on Christmas Day 1968, many people sensed a hidden meaning in those words.”
Rumors persist. NASA may well be a civilian agency, but many of its programs are funded by the defense budget and most of the astronauts are subject to military security regulations. Apart from the fact that the National Security Agency screens all films and probably radio communications as well. We have the statements by Otto Binder, Dr. Garry Henderson and Maurice Chatelain that the astronauts were under strict orders not to discuss their sightings. And Gordon Cooper has testified to a United Nations committee that one of the astronauts actually witnessed a UFO on the ground. If there is no secrecy, why has this sighting not been made public?
A certain professor, who wished to remain anonymous, was engaged in a discussion with Neil Armstrong during a NASA symposium.
Professor: What REALLY happened out there with Apollo 11?
Armstrong: It was incredible, of course we had always known there was a possibility, the fact is, we were warned off! (by the Aliens). There was never any question then of a space station or a moon city.
Professor: How do you mean “warned off”?
Armstrong: I can't go into details, except to say that their ships were far superior to ours both in size and technology – Boy, were they big!… and menacing! No, there is no question of a space station.
Professor: But NASA had other missions after Apollo 11?
Armstrong: Naturally-NASA was committed at that time, and couldn't risk panic on Earth. But it really was a quick scoop and back again.
Armstrong confirmed that the story was true but refused to go into further detail, beyond admitting that the CIA was behind the cover-up.
Reasonable activity of an alien civilization showed up unexpectedly close to us. We were not ready for it psychologically
We still can come across publications trying to find an answer to the question: Are we alone in the universe? At the same time, presence of reasonable creatures has been detected just close to our home, in the Moon. However, the discovery was immediately classified as secret, as it was so much incredible that even could shake the already existing social principles, reports Russia's newspaper “Vecherny Volgograd.”
Here is an extract from the official press-release:
“NASA scientists and engineers participating in exploration of Mars and Moon reported results of their discoveries at a briefing at the Washington national press club on March 21, 1996. It was announced for the first time that man-caused structures and objects had been discovered on the Moon.” The scientists spoke rather cautiously and evasively about the functioning objects, with the exception of UFO. They always mentioned the man-caused objects as possible, and pointed out the information was still under study, and official results would be published later.
It was mentioned at the briefing as well that the Soviet Union used to own some photo materials proving presence of reasonable activity on the Moon. And although it wasn't identified what kind of reasonable activity it was, thousands of photo-and video materials photographed from the Apollo and the Clementine space station demonstrated many parts on the lunar surface where the activity and its traces were perfectly evident. The video films and photos made by US astronauts during the Apollo program were demonstrated at the briefing. And people were extremely surprised why the materials hadn't been presented to the public earlier. And NASA specialists answered: “It was difficult to forecast the reaction of people to the information that some creatures had been or still were on the Moon. Besides, there were some other reasons to it, which were beyond NASA.”
Specialist for lunar artifacts Richard Hoagland says that NASA is still trying to veil photo materials before they are published in public catalogues and files, they do retouching or partially refocus them while copying. Some investigators, Hoagland is among them, suppose that an extraterrestrial race had used the Moon as a terminal station during their activity on the Earth. The suggestions are confirmed by the legends and myths invented by different nations of our planet.
Ruins of lunar cities stretched along many kilometers, huge transparent domes on massive basements, numerous tunnels and other constructions make scientists reconsider their opinions concerning the lunar problems. How the Moon appeared and principles of its revolving around the Earth still pose a great problem for scientists.
Some partially destroyed objects on the lunar surface can't be placed among natural geological formations, as they are of complex organization and geometrical structure. In the upper part of Rima hadley, not far from the place where the Apollo-15 had landed, a construction surrounded with a tall D-shaped wall was discovered. As of now, different artifacts have been discovered in 44 regions.
The NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, the Houston Planetary Institute and specialists from the bank of space information are investigating the regions. Mysterious terrace-shaped excavations of the rock have been discovered near the Tiho crater. The concentric hexahedral excavations and the tunnel entry at the terrace side cant be results of natural geological processes; instead, they look very much like open cast mines.
A transparent dome raised above the crater edge was discovered near the crater Copernicus. The dome is unusual as it is glowing white and blue from inside. A rather unusual object, which is unusual indeed even for the Moon, was discovered in the upper part of the Factory area. A disk of about 50 meters in diameter stands on a square basement surrounded with rhombi walls. In the picture, close to the rhombi, we can also see a dark round embrasure in the ground, which resembles an entry in an underground caponier. There is a regular rectangular area between Factory and the crater Copernicus which is 300 meters wide 400 meters long.
Apollo 10 astronauts made a unique picture (AS10-32-4822) of a one-mile long object called Castle, which is hanging at the height of 14 kilometers and casts a distinct shadow on the lunar surface. The object seems to be consisting of several cylindrical units and a large conjunctive unit. Internal porous structure of the Castle is clearly seen in one of the pictures, which makes an impression that some parts of the object are transparent.
As it turned out at the briefing where many NASA scientists were present, when Richard Hoagland had requested originals of the Castle pictures for the second time, no pictures were found there at all. They disappeared even from the list of pictures made by the Apollo 10 crew. Only intermediate pictures of the object were found in the archives, which unfortunately don't depict the internal structure of the object.
When Apollo-12 crew landed on the lunar surface, they saw that the landing was observed by a half-transparent pyramidal object. It was hanging just several meters above the lunar surface and shimmered with all rainbow colors against the black sky.
In 1969, when the film about astronauts traveling to the Sea of Storms was demonstrated (the astronauts saw the strange objects once again, which were later called “striped glasses”), NASA finally understood what consequences such kind of control could bring. Astronaut Mitchell answered the question about his feelings after a successful return the following: “My neck still aches as I had to constantly turn my head around because we felt we were not alone there. We had no choice but pray.” Johnston, who worked at the Houston Space Center and studied photos and video materials done during the Apollo program, discussed the artifacts with Richard Hoagland and said, the NASA leadership was awfully annoyed with the great number of anomalous, to put it mildly, objects on the Moon. It was even said that piloted flights to the Moon could be banned in the programs network.
Investigators are especially interested in ancient structures resembling partially destroyed cities. The orbital shooting reveals an astonishingly regular geometry of square and rectangular constructions. They resemble our terrestrial cities seen from the height of 5-8 kilometers. A mission control specialist commented on the pictures: “Our guys observed ruins of the Lunar cities, transparent pyramids, domes and God knows what else, which are currently hidden deep inside the NASA safes, and felt like Robinson Crusoe when he suddenly came across prints of human bare feet on the sand of the desert island.” What do geologists and scientists say after studying the pictures of lunar cities and other anomalous objects? They say, such objects can't be natural formations. “We should admit they are artificial, especially the domes and pyramids.” Reasonable activity of an alien civilization showed up unexpectedly close to us. We were not ready for it psychologically, and some people hardly believe they are true even now.”
Translated by Maria Gousseva (original source = http://english.pravda.ru/main/2002/10/05/37771.html)
– Source: http://www.ufocasebook.com/moon.html
[vi] “… electromagnetic force…”
“In physics, the Lorentz force is the force on a point charge due to electromagnetic fields. Lorentz introduced this force in 1892. However, the discovery of the Lorentz force was before Lorentz's time. In particular, it can be seen at equation (77) in Maxwell's 1861 paper On Physical Lines of Force. Later, Maxwell listed it as equation “D” of his 1864 paper, A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field, as one of the eight original Maxwell's equations. In this paper the equation was written as follows:
where
A is the magnetic vector potential,
φ is the electrostatic potential,
H is the magnetic field H ,
μ is magnetic permeability.
Although this equation is obviously a direct precursor of the modern Lorentz force equation, it actually differs in two respects:
- It does not contain a factor of q, the charge. Maxwell didn't use the concept of charge. The definition of E used here by Maxwell is unclear. He uses the term electromotive force. He operated from Faraday's electro-tonic state A , which he considered to be a momentum in his vortex sea. The closest term that we can trace to electric charge in Maxwell's papers is the density of free electricity, which appears to refer to the density of the aethereal medium of his molecular vortices and that gives rise to the momentum A . Maxwell believed that A was a fundamental quantity from which electromotive force can be derived.
- The equation here contains the information that what we nowadays call E , which today can be expressed in terms of scalar and vector potentials according to
The fact that E can be expressed this way is equivalent to one of the four modern Maxwell's equations, the Maxwell-Faraday equation.
Despite its historical origins in the original set of eight Maxwell's equations, the Lorentz force is no longer considered to be one of “Maxwell's equations” as the term is currently used (that is, as reformulated by Heaviside). It now sits adjacent to Maxwell's equations as a separate and essential law.
Significance of the Lorentz force
While the modern Maxwell's equations describe how electrically charged particles and objects give rise to electric and magnetic fields, the Lorentz force law completes that picture by describing the force acting on a moving point charge q in the presence of electromagnetic fields. The Lorentz force law describes the effect of E and B upon a point charge, but such electromagnetic forces are not the entire picture. Charged particles are possibly coupled to other forces, notably gravity and nuclear forces. Thus, Maxwell's equations do not stand separate from other physical laws, but are coupled to them via the charge and current densities. The response of a point charge to the Lorentz law is one aspect; the generation of E and B by currents and charges is another.
In real materials the Lorentz force is inadequate to describe the behavior of charged particles, both in principle and as a matter of computation. The charged particles in a material medium both respond to the E and B fields and generate these fields. Complex transport equations must be solved to determine the time and spatial response of charges, for example, the Boltzmann equation or the Fokker–Planck equation or the Navier-Stokes equations. For example, see magnetohydrodynamics, fluid dynamics, electrohydrodynamics, superconductivity, stellar evolution. An entire physical apparatus for dealing with these matters has developed. See for example, Green–Kubo relations and Green's function (many-body theory).
Although one might suggest that these theories are only approximations intended to deal with large ensembles of “point particles”, perhaps a deeper perspective is that the charge-bearing particles may respond to forces like gravity, or nuclear forces, or boundary conditions.”
- Referanse: Wikipedia.org